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Harley Quinn Returns in First BIRDS OF PREY Trailer[teaser]The new DC comic book flick hits theaters in February.[/teaser] Warner Bros. has released the first trailer for Birds of Prey: And the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn. The movie comes from director Cathy Yan and is set to premiere on February 7, 2020. After splitting with the Joker, Harley Quinn joins superheroes Black Canary, Huntress and Renee Montoya to save a young girl from an evil crime lord. Starring Margot Robbie as Harley Quinn, Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Helena Bertinelli / Huntress, Jurnee Smollett-Bell as Dinah Lance / Black Canary, Ella Jay Basco as Cassandra Cain / Orphan, Rosie Perez as Renee Montoya, Chris Messina as Victor Zsasz, and Ewan McGregor as Black Mask. Check out the trailer below! Serving as a spin-off of David Ayer's Suicide Squad (2016), the movie features the return of Margot Robbie as Harley Quinn. The film is written by Christina Hodson (Bumblebee) with a script based on the comic book series created by Chuck Dixon, Jordan B. Gorfinkel, and Greg Land. The character of Harley Quinn was originally created by Paul Dini and Bruce Timm for Batman: The Animated Series in 1992 before making the jump to various comic books, video games, and films. Other upcoming DC movies include Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman 1984 which will premiere on June 5, 2020 and James Gunn's The Suicide Squad which is set to premiere on August 6, 2021. The latter film will also feature Margot Robbie as Harley Quinn. Meanwhile, an Aquaman sequel from director James Wan, a new Batman film from director Matt Reeves, and a Flash movie are also all in development. Source: Warner Bros. (YouTube)Posted Tue Oct 1, 2019 at 09:50 AM PDT by: -
New Trailer for THE KING'S MAN Promises More Stylish Suits & Stylish Action[teaser]"You're going to need a suit."[/teaser] Following an initial teaser, 20th Century Fox has released a new trailer for The King's Man. The film servers as a prequel to the studio's previously released Kingsman films, and is set to hit theaters on February 14, 2020. As a collection of history's worst tyrants and criminal masterminds gather to plot a war to wipe out millions, one man must race against time to stop them. Discover the origins of the very first independent intelligence agency in The King's Man. Check out the official trailer below! The movie stars Ralph Fiennes, Gemma Arterton, Rhys Ifans, Matthew Goode, Tom Hollander, Harris Dickinson, Daniel Brühl, Djimon Hounsou, and Charles Dance. Director Matthew Vaughn is once again on board to helm this new prequel installment. The script comes from Vaughn, Jane Goldman, and Karl Gajdusek, and based on the comic book "The Secret Service" by Mark Millar and Dave Gibbons. In addition, Matthew Vaughn also serves as a producer, along with David Reid and Adam Bohling. Previous entries in the Kingsman film franchise include 2014's Kingsman: The Secret Service and 2017's Kingsman: The Golden Circle. Both movies star Colin Firth, Taron Egerton, and Mark Strong. Since this new film is a prequel, however, characters from previous movies are not expected to make an appearance. Kingsman: The Secret Service and Kingsman: The Golden Circle are both now available on Blu-ray (Secret Service, Golden Circle) and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray (Secret Service, Golden Circle). Source: 20th Century Fox (YouTube)Posted Mon Sep 30, 2019 at 11:30 AM PDT by: -
Marvel & Sony Sign New Deal to Keep Spider-Man in the MCU[teaser]Marvel's friendly neighborhood Spider-Man will remain in the MCU after all![/teaser] As reported by Variety, Disney and Sony have signed a new deal to keep Spider-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The two companies previously announced that they would no longer be collaborating on future Spider-Man films, but after a series of reignited negotiations, the studios have come to terms on a new agreement. As part of the deal, Marvel Studios and its president, Kevin Feige, will return to produce an upcoming third Spider-Man solo film with Sony. Star Tom Holland is also set to return as the title character. In addition, the agreement also stipulates that the character of Spider-Man will appear in one future Marvel Studios film as well. Under the new terms, Marvel and Disney will now earn about 25% of the new Spider-Man film's profits while also maintaining merchandising rights. "I am thrilled that Spidey's journey in the MCU will continue, and I and all of us at Marvel Studios are very excited that we get to keep working on it,” said Kevin Feige in a statement to Variety. "Spider-Man is a powerful icon and hero whose story crosses all ages and audiences around the globe. He also happens to be the only hero with the superpower to cross cinematic universes, so as Sony continues to develop their own Spidey-verse you never know what surprises the future might hold." The new Spider-Man movie is currently scheduled for release on July 16, 2021. In addition to being back on board the Spider-Man franchise, Kevin Feige is also developing a new Star Wars film for Disney and Lucasfilm. Source: VarietyPosted Fri Sep 27, 2019 at 08:50 AM PDT by: -
Marvel's Kevin Feige Set to Develop New STAR WARS Movie[teaser]The President of Marvel Studios is heading to a galaxy far, far away.[/teaser] According to a report by The Hollywood Reporter, Kevin Feige is now developing a new Star Wars film for Disney and Lucasfilm. Feige has been the head of Marvel Studios since 2007, where he has been the driving force behind the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Though details on the new Star Wars project have not been revealed, discussions related to Feige joining the franchise reportedly occurred during a late summer meeting with Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy and Walt Disney Studio co-chairmen Alan Horn and Alan Bergman. Speaking to The Hollywood Reporter on the matter, Alan Horn said, "We are excited about the projects Kathy and the Lucasfilm team are working on, not only in terms of Star Wars but also Indiana Jones and reaching into other parts of the company including Children of Blood and Bone with Emma Watts and Fox. With the close of the Skywalker Saga, Kathy is pursuing a new era in Star Wars storytelling, and knowing what a die-hard fan Kevin is, it made sense for these two extraordinary producers to work on a Star Wars film together." It's not currently clear whether Feige's role in the Star Wars franchise will extend beyond one proposed film. And while casting has not been announced, Feige reportedly already has a major actor in mind for a role in the potential movie. The next Star Wars film set for release is Episode IX: The Rise of Skywalker, which will conclude the Skywalker saga when it premieres in theaters on December 20, 2019. In addition, Disney is also developing a new trilogy of Star Wars films with director Rian Johnson. Likewise, Game of Thrones showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss are working on new films for the franchise as well. Meanwhile, a show, titled The Mandalorian, from executive producer Jon Favreau will debut on the Disney+ streaming service in November, followed by a Star Wars: Rogue One prequel series starring Diego Luna and an Obi-Wan Kenobi show starring Ewan McGregor at a later date. Source: The Hollywood ReporterPosted Thu Sep 26, 2019 at 08:30 AM PDT by: -
US Military Warns of Potential Shooting Threat at JOKER Screenings[teaser]The army is cautioning military personnel about the possibility of a mass shooting.[/teaser] As reported by Gizmodo and The Wrap, the US military has issued a warning to service members about potential violence tied to screenings of Warner Brothers' Joker. The army issued an email on September 18 warning service members about social media posts that "made reference to involuntary celibate ("incel") extremists replicating the 2012 theater shooting in Aurora, Colorado, at screenings of the Joker movie at nationwide theaters." The precautionary notice states that "there are no known specific credible threats," but goes on to suggest that service members remain aware of their surroundings when visiting theaters and engage in the strategy of "run, hide, fight" in the event of a shooting. Meanwhile, a separate memo was released by the US Army Base at Fort Sill, Oklahoma on September 23. This notice refers to "an intelligence bulletin regarding a credible potential mass shooting to occur at an unknown movie theater during the release of the new Joker movie scheduled on October 4, 2019." The bulletin comes from the Travis County, Texas, Sheriff's Office working with their local FBI field office, and is based on "disturbing and very specific chatter on the dark web." Though Joker has earned mostly positive reviews since its premiere at various film festivals, some controversy has arisen related to the film's use of the Joker character as a protagonist with a sympathetic origin. This even sparked some family members of those killed during the 2012 Aurora movie theater shooting to write a letter to Warner Bros. relaying their concerns. In response to the letter, the studio has released the following statement: "Gun violence in our society is a critical issue, and we extend our deepest sympathy to all victims and families impacted by these tragedies. Our company has a long history of donating to victims of violence, including Aurora, and in recent weeks, our parent company joined other business leaders to call on policymakers to enact bi-partisan legislation to address this epidemic. At the same time, Warner Bros. believes that one of the functions of storytelling is to provoke difficult conversations around complex issues. Make no mistake: neither the fictional character Joker, nor the film, is an endorsement of real-world violence of any kind. It is not the intention of the film, the filmmakers or the studio to hold this character up as a hero." Sources: Gizmodo, The Wrap, Entertainment Weekly, JobloPosted Wed Sep 25, 2019 at 09:45 AM PDT by: -
GODZILLA: THE SHOWA-ERA FILMS, 1954–1975 - View the Blu-ray Trailer![teaser]Criterion's spine #1000 collects all 15 Godzilla films in one Blu-ray set this October! UPDATE: Trailer now available! [/teaser] As previously reported, Criterion is set to release GODZILLA: THE SHOWA-ERA FILMS, 1954–1975 on Blu-ray in an 8-disc boxed set on October 29. In 1954, an enormous beast clawed its way out of the sea, destroying everything in its path—and changing movies forever. The arresting original Godzilla soon gave rise to an entire monster-movie genre (kaiju eiga), but the King of the Monsters continued to reign supreme: in fourteen fiercely entertaining sequels over the next two decades, Godzilla defended its throne against a host of other formidable creatures, transforming from a terrifying symbol of nuclear annihilation into a benevolent (if still belligerent) Earth protector. Collected here for the first time are all fifteen Godzilla films of Japan’s Showa era, in a landmark set showcasing the technical wizardry, fantastical storytelling, and indomitable international appeal that established the most iconic giant monster the cinema has ever seen. Godzilla 1954 • 96 minutes • Black & White • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 1.37:1 aspect ratio Godzilla Raids Again 1955 • 81 minutes • Black & White • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 1.37:1 aspect ratio King Kong vs. Godzilla U.S.-RELEASE VERSION 1963 • 91 minutes • Color • Monaural • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Mothra vs. Godzilla 1964 • 89 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster 1964 • 93 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Invasion of Astro-Monster 1965 • 94 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Ebirah, Horror of the Deep 1966 • 86 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Son of Godzilla 1967 • 85 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Destroy All Monsters 1968 • 89 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio All Monsters Attack 1969 • 69 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Godzilla vs. Hedorah 1971 • 85 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Godzilla vs. Gigan 1972 • 89 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Godzilla vs. Megalon 1973 • 81 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla 1974 • 84 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio Terror of Mechagodzilla 1975 • 83 minutes • Color • Monaural • In Japanese with English subtitles • 2.35:1 aspect ratio EIGHT-BLU-RAY SPECIAL EDITION COLLECTOR’S SET FEATURES • High-definition digital transfers of all fifteen Godzilla films made between 1954 and 1975, released together for the first time, with uncompressed monaural soundtracks • High-definition digital transfer of Godzilla, King of the Monsters (1956), the U.S.-release version of Godzilla • Japanese-release version of King Kong vs. Godzilla from 1962 • Audio commentaries from 2011 on Godzilla and Godzilla, King of the Monsters featuring film historian David Kalat • International English-language dub tracks for Invasion of Astro-Monster, Son of Godzilla, Destroy All Monsters, Godzilla vs. Megalon, Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla, and Terror of Mechagodzilla • Directors Guild of Japan interview with director Ishiro Honda, conducted by director Yoshimitsu Banno in 1990 • Programs detailing the creation of Godzilla’s special effects and unused effects sequences from Toho releases including Destroy All Monsters • New interview with filmmaker Alex Cox about his admiration for the Showa-era Godzilla films • New and archival interviews with cast and crew members, including actors Bin Furuya, Tsugutoshi Komada, Haruo Nakajima, and Akira Takarada; composer Akira Ifukube; and effects technicians Yoshio Irie and Eizo Kaimai • Interview with critic Tadao Sato from 2011 • Illustrated audio essay from 2011 about the real-life tragedy that inspired Godzilla • New English subtitle translations • Trailers • PLUS: A lavishly illustrated deluxe hardcover book featuring an essay by cinema historian Steve Ryfle, notes on the films by cinema historian Ed Godziszewski, and new illustrations by Arthur Adams, Sophie Campbell, Becky Cloonan, Jorge Coelho, Geof Darrow, Simon Gane, Robert Goodin, Benjamin Marra, Monarobot, Takashi Okazaki, Angela Rizza, Yuko Shimizu, Bill Sienkiewicz, Katsuya Terada, Ronald Wimberly, and Chris Wisnia You can find the latest specs for GODZILLA: THE SHOWA-ERA FILMS, 1954–1975 linked from our Blu-ray Release Schedule, where it is indexed under October 29.Posted Tue Sep 24, 2019 at 12:25 PM PDT by: -
Coming Soon to Blu-ray: Criterion December 2019 Titles[teaser]Films directed by Wim Wenders, Kelly Reichardt, Ronald Neame, and more are all in the works for Blu-ray.[/teaser] In an early announcement to retailers, Criterion is preparing Old Joy, Until the End of the World, Tunes of Glory, and The Story of Temple Drake for Blu-ray throughout the month of December. The Story of Temple Drake (December 3) - Loosely adapted from William Faulkner’s controversial novel Sanctuary, this notorious pre-Code melodrama stars Miriam Hopkins as Temple Drake, the coquettish granddaughter of a respected small-town judge. When a boozehound date strands her at a bootleggers’ hideout, Temple is subjected to an act of nightmarish sexual violence and plunged into a criminal underworld that threatens to swallow her up completely. Steeped in southern-gothic shadows by influential cinematographer Karl Struss and shot through with moral ambiguity, The Story of Temple Drake is a harrowing vision of sin and salvation that boasts an astonishing lead performance from the fiery Hopkins, whose passage through the stations of terror, trauma, and redemption is a true tour de force of screen acting. High-definition digital restoration, with uncompressed monaural soundtrack on the Blu-ray New program featuring a conversation between cinematographer John Bailey and Matt Severson, director of the Margaret Herrick Library at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, about the film’s visual style, along with archival materials relating to its production New program with critic Imogen Sara Smith about the complexity of the film and its central performance by Miriam Hopkins New interview with critic Mick LaSalle about the film, censorship, and the Production Code PLUS: An essay by critic Geoffrey O’Brien Order the Blu-ray Tunes of Glory (December 3) - In Ronald Neame’s Tunes of Glory, the incomparable Alec Guinness plays Jock Sinclair—a whiskey-drinking, up-by-the-bootstraps commanding officer of a peacetime Scottish battalion. A lifetime military man, Sinclair expects respect and loyalty from his men. But when Basil Barrow (John Mills)—an educated, by-the-book scion of a military family—enters the scene as Sinclair’s replacement, the two men engage in a fierce struggle for control of both the battalion and the hearts and minds of its men. Based on the novel by James Kennaway and featuring flawless performances by Guinness and Mills, Tunes of Glory uses the rigid stratification of military life to comment on the institutional contradictions and class hierarchies of English society, making for an unexpectedly moving drama. New 4K digital restoration, with uncompressed monaural soundtrack on the Blu-ray Interview from 2003 with director Ronald Neame Audio interview from 2002 with actor John Mills Television interview from 1973 with actor Alec Guinness Trailer PLUS: An essay by film scholar Robert Murphy Order the Blu-ray Until the End of the World (December 10) - Conceived as the ultimate road movie, this decades-in-the-making science-fiction epic from Wim Wenders follows the restless Claire Tourneur (Solveig Dommartin) across continents as she pursues a mysterious stranger (William Hurt) in possession of a device that can make the blind see and bring dream images to waking life. With an eclectic soundtrack that gathers a host of the director’s favorite musicians, along with gorgeous cinematography by Robby Müller, this breathless adventure in the shadow of Armageddon takes its heroes to the ends of the earth and into the oneiric depths of their own souls. Presented here in its triumphant 287-minute director’s cut, Until the End of the World assumes its rightful place as Wenders’ magnum opus, a cosmic ode to the pleasures and perils of the image and a prescient meditation on cinema’s digital future. New 4K digital restoration, commissioned by the Wim Wenders Foundation and supervised by director Wim Wenders, with 5.1 surround DTS-HD Master Audio soundtrack on the Blu-ray New introduction by Wenders New interview with Wenders about the film’s soundtrack New conversation between Wenders and musician David Byrne Behind-the-scenes program detailing the creation of the film’s high-definition sequences Interview with Wenders from 2001 Up Down Under Roma, a 1993 interview with Wenders on his experiences in Australia The Song, a short film by Uli M Schueppel detailing the recording of “(I’ll Love You) Till the End of the World” by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds Deleted scenes Trailer PLUS: Essays by critics Bilge Ebiri and Ignatiy Vishnevetsky on the film and its soundtrack Order the Blu-ray Old Joy (December 10) - Two old friends reunite for a quietly revelatory overnight camping trip in Kelly Reichardt’s breakout feature, a microbudget study of character and masculinity that introduced many viewers to one of contemporary American cinema’s most independent artists. As they drive from Portland into the woods in search of a secluded hot spring, expectant father Mark (Daniel London) and nomadic Kurt (Will Oldham) make fumbling attempts to reconnect, butting up against the limits of their friendship and coming to grips with just how much their paths have diverged since their shared youth. Adapted from a short story by Jonathan Raymond and accompanied by an atmospheric Yo La Tengo score, Old Joy is a contemplative, wryly observed triumph whose modest scale belies the richness of its insight. New 2K digital restoration, approved by director Kelly Reichardt and cinematographer Peter Sillen, with uncompressed stereo soundtrack on the Blu-ray New interviews with Reichardt, Sillen, and author Jonathan Raymond New conversation between actors Daniel London and Will Oldham Trailer PLUS: An essay by film critic Ed Halter and (Blu-ray only) the short story by Raymond on which the film is based Order the Blu-ray You can find the latest specs for all of the titles listed above linked from our Blu-ray Release Schedule, where they're indexed throughout December.Posted Mon Sep 23, 2019 at 11:05 AM PDT by: -
Check Out New JURASSIC WORLD Short Film from Director Colin Trevorrow[teaser]The new short picks up one year after the ending of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[/teaser] Universal has released a new short film set in the Jurassic World universe, titled Battle at Big Rock. The movie comes from director Colin Trevorrow, who also helmed 2015's Jurassic World. The short takes place one year after the events of the last Jurassic World film in Big Rock National Park, where dinosaurs are now living in our world. The story follows a family of four whose encounter with these wild animals becomes a terrifying fight for survival. Check out the short film below! Battle at Big Rock stars André Holland, Natalie Martinez, Melody Hurd, and Pierson Salvador. In addition to directing the short, Colin Trevorrow also serves as co-writer along with Emily Carmichael. The film is meant to help set up the upcoming third entry in the Jurassic World series, offering viewers a glimpse at a world filled with wild dinosaurs. Though plot details have not been revealed, Jurassic World 3 is set to star Bryce Dallas Howard, Chris Pratt, and Isabella Sermon. Likewise, Colin Trevorrow is on board to direct, as well as co-write with Emily Carmichael. The film is currently scheduled for release on June 11, 2021. Other entries in the franchise include Jurassic Park (1993), The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), Jurassic Park III (2001), Jurassic World (2015), and Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018). Steven Spielberg directed the first two installments and still serves as an executive producer for all entries in the series. The films are based on books and characters created by author Michael Crichton. Source: Jurassic Park (YouTube)Posted Mon Sep 16, 2019 at 10:30 AM PDT by: -
Final DOCTOR SLEEP Trailer Previews Terrifying Return to the Overlook Hotel[teaser]"The world will shine again."[/teaser] Warner Bros. has released a new trailer for Doctor Sleep, revealing more details about the plot along with more footage set at the infamous Overlook Hotel. The film is based on the book by Stephen King, which serves as a sequel to the author's horror masterpiece, The Shining. Still irrevocably scarred by the trauma he endured as a child at the Overlook, Dan Torrance has fought to find some semblance of peace. But that peace is shattered when he encounters Abra, a courageous teenager with her own powerful extrasensory gift, known as the "shine." Instinctively recognizing that Dan shares her power, Abra has sought him out, desperate for his help against the merciless Rose the Hat and her followers, The True Knot, who feed off the shine of innocents in their quest for immortality. Forming an unlikely alliance, Dan and Abra engage in a brutal life-or-death battle with Rose. Abra's innocence and fearless embrace of her shine compel Dan to call upon his own powers as never before—at once facing his fears and reawakening the ghosts of the past. Check out the final trailer below! The movie stars Ewan McGregor as Dan Torrance, Rebecca Ferguson as Rose the Hat, and Kyliegh Curran as Abra. Additional cast members include Carl Lumbly, Zahn McClarnon, Emily Alyn Lind, Bruce Greenwood, Jocelin Donahue, Alex Essoe, and Cliff Curtis. Doctor Sleep comes from writer/director Mike Flanagan (Hush, Oculus, Netflix's The Haunting of Hill House). Trevor Macy and Jon Berg serve as producers on the film. Meanwhile Roy Lee, Scott Lumpkin, Akiva Goldsman and Kevin McCormick are all on board as executive producers. The movie is set to hit theaters on November 8, 2019. Source: Warner Bros. (YouTube)Posted Sun Sep 8, 2019 at 11:15 AM PDT by: -
MONTY PYTHON'S FLYING CIRCUS: 50th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray Delayed[teaser]All 45 episodes of the classic British comedy series have been restored and are still heading to Blu-ray, just in November now instead of October. [/teaser] According to MontyPython.com, Monty Python's Flying Circus: 50th Anniversary Limited Edition will be available on Blu-ray. The set was originally scheduled for release on October 7, however due to some recently discovered material the date has been pushed to November 4. "The absolutely spiffing news, however, is that during the course of the restoration, just as we thought we’d seen everything, yet more cans of film material emerged from other quarters that could, frankly, have been anything. We’re still painstakingly going through every frame of the archive but have discovered a wealth of Python nuggets, a lot of it unseen. It would be impossible to include this material and still make the original release date but, it was an easy decision as not only is a lot of the material being seen for the first time, it is all being restored and presented in HD." "As a thank you for your patience, enjoy this preview of an exclusive, very rare and reinstated piece of animation we have restored to HD quality": “Network Distributing will release all 45 episodes of Monty Python’s Flying Circus, on Blu-ray and DVD, fully restored for the first time ever. Each episode has been painstakingly restored using the original video and film elements exclusively for this release. All four series, along with unseen and excised footage, sketches and much more, will be presented in an exclusive 50th anniversary limited-edition box set available exclusively here from 29th July, with all four individual series available to purchase separately at a later date.” 7 discs featuring all 45 episodes presented series-by-series, for the first time totally uncut and beautifully restored from original film and videotape elements. Limited exploding box Norwegian Blu-ray Edition Each of the four series comes individually packaged with a book by Andrew Pixley (four books in total) detailing an exhaustive episode-by-episode production history. Previously unseen outtakes Extended scenes and sketches Restored-to-full-length sketches including Ursula Hitler, Cartoon Religions, A Book at Bedtime, and more. Rare promo films And more to be announced… You can find the latest specs for Monty Python's Flying Circus: 50th Anniversary Limited Edition linked from our Blu-ray Release Schedule, where it is now indexed under November 4.Posted Tue Sep 3, 2019 at 08:01 AM PDT by:
